207. "Rituals and ceremonies help define a culture. Without them, societies or groups of people have a diminished sense of who they are."
礼节和典礼有助于定义一个文化。如果没有这些，社会或者团体就会逐渐地迷失自我。
1. I agree with the speaker insofar as one purpose of ritual and ceremony in today’s world is to preserve cultural identity.
2. Nevertheless, preserving cultural identity cannot be the only purpose of ritual and ceremony.
3. Nor are ritual and ceremony the only means of preserving cultural identity.
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227. "To remain vigorous, any academic field needs to be led by truly independent thinkers who are willing to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions."
为了保持活力，所有的学术领域都需要真正的独立思想家的领导，他们可以无视既定的限制而挑战经久不衰的理论。
It seems self-contradictory to require academic leaders to ignore established boundaries and challenge long-standing assumptions.
1. There is no doubt that academic leaders should be independent thinkers.
2. However, an academic leader in any field is supposed to represent an established paradigm in that field.
3. What might also be important is the academic leader’s ability to organize the scholars of his field to promote academic development.
挑战权威之创新和离经叛道
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241. "An individual's greatness cannot be judged objectively by his or her contemporaries; the most objective evaluators of a person's greatness are people who belong to a later time."
一个人的伟大是无法为他的同代人所客观判定的，而是应该由后人来评判。
Agree with concession
1. An individual’s contemporaries may be emotionally connected with him or her.
2. It takes time for the significance of an individual’s deeds to be recognized.
3. Admittedly, there are still plenty of cases in which people’s greatness were instantaneously recognized and judged objectively by their contemporaries.
时间问题之个人的伟大
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第八类 艺术
82. "Government should never censor the artistic works or historical displays that a museum wishes to exhibit."
政府根本就不应该审查一家博物馆计划展出的艺术作品或者历史陈列。
Disagree:
1. Museum exhibitions are an influential way of public education.
2. If the artistic works or historical displays of a museum cause destructive social conflicts, then government should step in to prohibit such exhibitions.
3. Admittedly, government should always take care not to abuse its authority.
政府之艺术
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96. "Although, critics who write about the arts tend to deny the existence of any objective standards for evaluating works of art, they have a responsibility to establish standards by which works of art can be judged."
尽管评论艺术的批评家们倾向于否认存在任何评价艺术作品的客观标准，但他们还是有责任建立用于评判艺术作品的标准。
Disagree
1. Works of art are created for people to appreciate rather than for critics to judge.
2. Setting standards for works of art tends to hinder artists’ creations.
3. Unfortunately, the reality is that too often critics have turned the public into passive audience of arts.
独立题目
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101. "Governments should provide funding for artists so that the arts can flourish and be available to all people."
政府应该为艺术家提供资助以便于艺术能够繁荣发展并且是所有人都能够享受艺术。
Government’s funding for artists is a double-edged sword.
1. On the one hand, without government’s funding, many artists could hardly survive in real life.
2. On the other hand, government’s funding could create dependent artists who serve not the interests of the public but those of the government.
3. It is crucial that government does not interfere with the artists’ freedom of expression while granting them financial aids.
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