春季教学成果回收的时候,做了一些分享视频,是关于GRE写作提分经验的。但是在最近的反馈中,会发现,其实很多同学并没有能够坚持认真地看完这样的一个视频,所以,我将视频里面的重要信息再次以图片文字的形式整理一下,以作参考。 ***真的很重要,这可是咨询师的分析报告啊,你要是作为公司客户可是要花大价钱才能看到的!
关于Argument Section
Couter Argue: 读懂作者的思路,然后进行逆向反驳,或者说进行抬杠。
重点来说,我们把一篇Argument分成5个段落,然后具体化为16个句子。
首先,开头由三句话构成,结尾由一句话构成。
每一句话的中文逻辑和参考英文句子也会在这个Excel中呈现。
我们来看一下,这些分句具体为:
对于开头来说:
指出作者的论点
归纳作者的论据
说明作者的论证有一定的逻辑错误
对于结尾来说:
综上所述,作者的论证有一定的逻辑漏洞,在于论据不能完美支持论点。
在考试的过程中,我们是一开始完成开头和结尾的写作,之后就可以慢慢的对逻辑错误进行分析展开。一般而言,我们推荐选择选择三个逻辑错误进行展开,但这不意味着你只能写三个,如果有四个,五个,或者只找到两个逻辑错误,在时间允许的情况下,你依然可以完整展开,所以三在这里只是一个虚指,不具备强制意义。*这一点也可以运用到TOEFL写作中去,没人告诉你一定要写一个让步段,如果你本身语言展开能力很强的话。
对于任何一个学术性文章来说,我们会发现他们基本上会有一定的展开规范。作者基本上首先都会有一个对于问题的描述*Description,之后会对这个现象问题提出一个属于自己的理论假设*Theoretical Hypothesis,然后会用具体的细节来论证自己的假设 *Explanation,在细节之后,就会得出一个结论* Evaluation。大家可以回想一下自己在写论文paper的时候,是不是基本都是遵循这样的一个结构。所以我们可以得出一个学术性文章基本的结构:
*Description-Theoretical Hypothesis-Explanation-Evaluation 共有四个句子。
所以一篇文章中的主体段落的构成,如果包括三个逻辑错误,那么每个逻辑错误的段内展开都可以用*Description-Theoretical Hypothesis-Explanation-Evaluation这四个句子撑开。
Description: 分析指出作者的思路,要读清楚作者是如何想要运用这个论据去支持论点的;
Theoretical Hypothesis:提出理论假设,指出作者在使用这个论据的时候可能犯了一个逻辑上的错误,say 简化因果?
Explanation:紧扣原文分析作者的逻辑错误在哪里?有哪些其他的可能性呢?在原论述的论证过程中加入额外信息加强或者削弱原论证。这个地方会考察Relevance,不需要做太多的信息植入,重点是要分析原文中作者的思路。
Evaluation:小结论:作者在运用这个论据的时候是有不当之处的。
How to compose the Description -Theoretical Hypothesis - Explanation - Evaluation Chain
1 Clearly tell how the author tries to use such evidence to support her reasoning ** To analyze the mind flow of the author
2 Strongly point out that the author has committed one logical problem when using such evidence
3 Carefully list other factors that might weaken the author’s argumentation.
4 Simply summarize that the author cannot justify her argumentation with such evidence.
Excel文本参考如下:
所以,一个逻辑错误的展开是4句话,三个的展开就是12句,加上开头结尾,是不是就可以把一篇Argument定量成为16句话呢?
定量之后,我们来看定性分析,即具体的每一个句子到底该怎么写。我们就以证词类的逻辑错误来说吧 * Testimonial Reasoning。
Logical fallacy I: Testimonial Reasoning 证词类逻辑错误
The author tries to cite one study / research / poll / data to support her argument. *不知道你们看到这个有没有印象呢?
例子:
Conclusion:周杰伦最帅!
Premise: 在最近的粉丝大调查中,90%的5000个受访者都说Jay is the most handsome among all the stars.
好吧,我就是周杰伦的死粉,对我来说他就是最帅的!
证词反驳两个思路:
quantitative: 定量反驳:调查cover的数量/ sample size不足以取信 ** 如果statement中说道了数字
qualitative 定性反驳:调查cover的人是不是本身就持有一个biased attitude或者这个调查本身的调查过程值得质疑
quantitative I : the sample size might be too small to rely on
qualitative I : whether the participants in the study are already holding a biased attitude towards the topic or how the interview was designed and conducted.
简单的一个例题来说:
Sample Analysis
“Re-elect Adams, and you will be voting for proven leadership in improving the state’s economy. Over the past year alone, 70 percent of the state’s workers have had increases in their wages, 5,000 new jobs have been created, and six corporations have located their headquarters here. Most of the respondents in a recent poll said they believed that the economy is likely to continue to improve if Adams is reelected. Adams’s opponent, Zebulon, would lead our state in the wrong direction, because Zebulon disagrees with many of Adams’s economic policies.”
Description:分析作者的思路,明确可以看到作者是想要用surveys的调查结果来加强自己的论点的嘛:
The author cites that fact in the survey that most people are in support of Adams to promote Adams' public popularity.
Theoretical Hypothesis:提出理论假设,指出作者在使用这个论据的时候可能犯了一个逻辑上的错误,这里是证词论证。***ATTENTION:这个是非常理论论证的一段话,我们在课堂上强调过这种写法!还给了参考逻辑和参考文本!
However, several logical fallacies / ignorances greatly weaken the reasoning chain. We respect the survey as a good methodology, but we should critically question the reliability of the deliverables from the survey. From the quantitative perspective, the author does not consider the reliability of certain sample size; from the qualitative perspective, the author fails to provide detailed information as to how the participants have been selected and how the entire surveying process has been directed.
Explanation:紧扣原文分析作者的逻辑错误在哪里?有哪些其他的可能性呢?在原论述的论证过程中加入额外信息加强或者削弱原论证。这个地方会考察Relevance,不需要做太多的信息植入,重点是要分析原文中作者的思路。
定量展开-关于受访者数量:On the one hand, in order for any survey to be reliable, it must cover sufficient participants, and the numbers, which should be one important indicator, are not specified in the argument; ** and the number, which is XXX in the statement, is certainly not qualified to propose a generalization of the public preferences.
定性展开1-关于被访者性质:On the other hand, not all the local residents have attended the surveys, and those who have taken the time and effort for the survey and expressed satisfaction towards Adams could already be the loyal followers of Adams, and the directors might have deliberately chosen / gathered such people to form a seemingly public opinion.
定性展开2-关于采访过程:Granted that the sample size and the participants composition could be reasonably justified, the author still does not inform the readers whether the surveys have been conducted in a misguiding way with manipulations that have intentionally underestimated other alternatives but highlighted the qualification of Adams.
Evaluation:小结论:作者在运用这个论据的时候是有不当之处的。
Should it be the case, then the poll cited in the argument should be no more than a simple political propaganda, and the author cannot justify her support of Adams with such a poll.
Again,你们发现这里面真的有不认识的单词么?作为GMAT/GRE研究生级别的学生,这段文字中的单词应该都认识吧。
以上,是对这次视频其中的Argument的文字分析,附上视频连接,建议同学们考试之前看看,Argument本身不难,但是要拿高分也还是需要一定的努力的。以上的写作方式适用于GMAT和GRE的Argument写法。
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(编辑:秦洁)