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Section 6
1. The spellings of many Old English words have been ________ in the living language, although their pronunciations have changed.
(A) preserved
(B) shortened
(C) preempted
(D) revised
(E) improved
解析:前后一个简单的转折,后面说贫血发生变化,那么贫血就不变,所以选择A选项。语言拼写不变而发音发生变化在汉语中也常见,比如说呆板中的呆,其实原来大家一直都读ai 四声,可是大家总督dai 一声,后来就改了。语言是人民创造的,也不足为奇了。
注意shorten这个词表示缩短,同义词还挺多的,一起来看看。
shorten = abbreviate, abridge,synopsize, compress, curtail , truncate,.
preempt这个单词大家需要注意除了表示预先制止(to prevent something from happening by taking action to stop it)之外,抢占(acquire or appropriate something in advance),还有表示取代之意(to replace with something considered to be of greater value or priority)。
练习:判断下面preempt都是什么意思
Community groups are right to complain about the Ontario Municipal Board and the way it pre-empts the land-use decisions of municipal councils while destroying the relative permanence of Official Plans.
But as we were leaving I spotted that our Sales guy had something to add so I quickly pre-empted him.
The program did not appear, having been preempted by a baseball game.
答案:A
2. The sheer diversity of tropical plants represents a seemingly ________ source of raw materials, of which only a few have been utilized.
(A) exploited
(B) quantifiable
(C) controversial
(D) inexhaustible
(E) remarkable
解析:后面说只有很少一部分被利用,所以这些source应该是量很足的,所以选择D选项。inexhaustible来自于exhaust,表示的是大量的意思。
A选项exploit这个单词在考试中考察三个意思(1) 充分利用(2)剥削(3) 成就(a bold or daring feat).
练习:判断下列句子中exploit的意思。
Some other countries exploiting their mineral resources are setting aside money to prepare for the day when the oil runs out.
He feels commercial interests are exploiting the situation and selling parents the idea that they can buy things to substitute for time with their children.
The capitalist system exploits people everywhere.
答案:D
3. For centuries animals have been used as ________ for people in experiments to assess the effects of therapeutic and other agents that might later be used in humans.
(A) benefactors
(B) companions
(C) examples
(D) precedents
(E) surrogates
解析:首先这里面agent不表示代理人的意思,表示的是化学药剂(a chemical or a substance that produces an effect or a change or is used for a particular purpose)。therapeutic也是名词含义,表示treatment, therapy, or drug。
这里面说的是动物被用作什么来检测药剂,这些药剂之后会用在人身上。那就是代替人来尝试一下呗,是有这个意思的词就只有E选项。
考试中surrogate的痛意思还可以考察一下几个。
surrogate = substitute, proxy, replacement.
assess the effects of sth. 衡量效果。
答案:E
4. Social tensions among adult factions can be ________ by politics, but adolescents and children have no such ________ for resolving their conflict with the exclusive world of adults.
(A) intensified.. attitude
(B) complicated.. relief
(C) frustrated.. justification
(D) adjusted.. mechanism
(E) revealed.. opportunity
解析:第二个空格前面有such,说明空格的内容前面会提到。成人有而儿童没有,因此儿童无法解决摩擦,而成年人的这种tension(conflict的同意复现)可以解决。匹配后合适的只有D选项。大人之间的矛盾可以通过politics解决,而青少年和大人之间的矛盾就没有这样的机制了。所以你会发现,你小的时候要讨厌某个大人,某个叔叔,某个阿姨,那是真心讨厌,那种仇恨不会减少,因为你们俩没有任何利益关系。
这里注意faction表示的是小团体帮派, 考试中表示小团体帮派的词,还可以说clique, clan。要区分一下几个词:
faction / fraction / fiction
关于conflict我们可以掌握两个实用的短语,come into conflict with 和 a conflict between A and B.
答案:D
5. The state is a network of exchanged benefits and beliefs, ________ between rulers and citizens based on those laws and procedures that are ________ to the maintenance of community.
(A) a compromise.. inimical
(B) an interdependence.. subsidiary
(C) a counterpoint.. incidental
(D) an equivalence.. prerequisite
(E) a reciprocity.. conducive
解析:第一个空格和前面的a network of exchanged benefits and beliefs并列关系。前面说的是利益和思想的交换,后面就应该也体现出交换。所以有这个意思的词只有E选项。
be conducive to sth. 表示对.....有益处。例句:Most employers do not realizeM that grey walls and brown carpet tiles are not conducive to a stimulating work experience.
注意A选项inimical表示有害的,不友好的,它的同义词很多。
inimical (有害的)= harmful, detrimental, deleterious, pernicious, damaging
inimical(不友好的) = hostile, antagonistic, malevolent, malign, inhospitable
E选项reciprocity这个词表示相互帮助,互惠互利。注意这个词动词reciprocate还表示往复运动,曾经跟move unidirectionally 考过反义词。
答案:E
6. Far from viewing Jefferson as a skeptical but enlightened intellectual, historians of the 1960's portrayed him as ________ thinker, eager to fill the young with his political orthodoxy while censoring ideas he did not like.
(A) an adventurous
(B) a doctrinaire
(C) an eclectic
(D) a judicious
(E) a cynical
解析:注意 skeptical but enlightened 前后两个形容词,enlightened要更重要一些,因为but转折后面的信息才是作者希望真实强调的东西,所以我们需要对enlightened取反。有注意到后面形容词修饰它愿意给年轻人灌输他认为的正统的观念(political orthodoxy)而删掉(censor)那些他不喜欢的想法。所以一定填入负向词汇,因此只有B选项符合语境,doctrinarie教条的。我们表示教条还可以说dogmatic。
注意C选项eclectic是大家经常容易理解错误的单词,eclectic表示的是多元的,兼收并蓄的,刚好喝我们的doctrinarie教条一词形成反义词。
e.g. He is very eclectic and his mix of abilities is so different from the common concept of an artist.
注意censor 要和censure区分开,前者表示删除、审查,后者表示强烈谴责。
答案:B
7. To have true disciples, a thinker must not be too ________ : any effective intellectual leader depends on the ability of other people to ________ thought processes that did not originate with them.
(A) popular.. dismiss
(B) methodical.. interpret
(C) idiosyncratic.. reenact
(D) self-confident.. revitalize
(E) pragmatic.. discourage
解析:冒号前后要表示相同的意思。一个有效的精神领袖需要仰仗于其他人对于并不源于这些人的思想过程怎么样的能力呢?前面说了,目的是为了to have true disciples(为了有最虔诚的跟随者),那就说明仰仗大家对这种though process有一种正向的能力,因此ADE都不能选了。比较BC滞后,C选项reenact更为合适,reenact表示 to repeat the actions of。
这句话的意思是一个思想者的行为不能太特立独行,否则别人就无法参透无法领悟无法传播给其他人。就好比李阳疯狂英语的招数就是拿着英语大声朗读,这是非常简单的行为,大家一传播告诉你这是李阳老师让我们去做的,大家就都跟着做了。
注意idiosyncratic表示独特的(peculiar to an individual) 。大家在写作文中用“:”冒号是个好习惯,思路就是先说一件事不说破,然后再具体阐明一件事情,这样车轱辘话说了两遍,又觉得你很有层次感。
答案:C
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