第三步:区分背景与证据
同样,并非所有的客观事实都是证据。在客观事实中很有可能会出现一些信息,它们出现的目的是为了帮助读者更好地了解文章内容,并非用于支持最终结论的产生,这类信息我们称为背景信息。比如,我们题库中的第9题:
例3
9. Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products, is opening its next franchise in the town of Plainsville. The store should prove to be very successful: Nature's Way franchises tend to be most profitable in areas where residents lead healthy lives, and clearly Plainsville is such an area. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. Finally, Plainsville's schoolchildren represent a new generation of potential customers: these schoolchildren are required to participate in a fitness-for-life program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age.
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
本题的第一句话就是非常明显的背景信息——这个客观事实对全文的最终结论“The store should prove to be very successful.”并未起到任何支持作用,而仅仅只是辅助读者理解全文内容的一个信息而已。因此,判断一个客观事实是否是证据,要看这一客观事实对最终结论的确立是否起到了支持作用。
由于背景信息并不参与文章中的逻辑推导,在真正分析文章的逻辑漏洞时,必须要剔除这些它们的干扰。将背景信息中的内容当成攻击点,是Argument分析的大忌。因此,区分背景与证据,对Argument写作至关重要。
通过上述内容,相信同学们已经比较好地掌握了对文章逻辑结构的分析。希望同学们能将这些内容谙熟于心,并且能够很好地运用到其他的考题当中。
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